Psychology Notes Essay

1) Four big ideas in psychologya. Critical thinking is keen thinkingb. Behavior is a bio psychosocial eventc. We operate with a two-track learning ability (Dual processing)d. Psychology look fors human strengths as well as challenges2) Why do psychology?e. The limits of intuition and common sensei. Enough to bring ahead assists regarding human nature. ii. May aid queries, but be non dislodge of error. iii. Hindsight Bias the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. 1. After learning the outcome of an event, umpteen people obtain they could have predicted that very outcome. iv. Overconfidence thinking you know more than what you actually know. f. The scientific attitudev. Composed of curiosity, skepticism, and humility.vi. Curiosity passion for exploration.vii. Skepticism inquisitive and questioning.viii. Humility ability to accept responsibility when wrong. g. The science of psychology helps pull out these examined conclusions, which leads to our understanding of how people fee l, think, and act as they do. 3) How do psychologists ask and answer questions?h. The scientific methodix. Construct theories that organize, summarize and simplify observations. x. Theory an report that integrates principles and organizes and predicts behavior or events. (Example low self-esteem contributes to first gear). xi. Hypothesis a testable prediction, often promoted by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject or rescript the theory. (Example people with low self-esteem atomic number 18 apt to feel more depressed). xii. Research to administer tests of self-esteem and depression. (Example people who score low on a self-esteem test and high on a depression test would confirm the hypothesis). i. Descriptionxiii. Basic solve to observe and evince behavior. xiv. How conducted do case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations. xv. Weaknesses No control of variables iodine cases may be misleading. xvi. Case Study a technique in which atomic number 53 person is studied in depth to reveal implicit in(p) behavioral principles. xvii. Survey a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people commonly done by questioning a representative, random hear of people. xviii. articulate dope change the results of a surveyxix. Random Sampling when separately member of a population has an equal chance of inclusions into a sample (unbiased). 2. If the survey sample is biased, its results are non valid. xx. Naturalistic Observation spy and recording the behavior of animals in the wild and recording self-seating patterns in a multiracial cultivate lunchroom constitute naturalistic observation. j. Correlationxxi. Basic purpose to detect naturally occurring births to assess how well one variable predicts another. xxii. How conducted solve statistical association, sometimes among survey responses. xxiii. Weaknesses does not specify evidence and payoff. xxiv. When one trait or behavior accompanies another. xxv. Corre lation Coefficient a statistical peak of the relationship among two variables. 3. Example R = + 0.37a. R is the correlation coefficientb. + is the direction of relationship (either + or ) c. 0.37 indicates the strength of relationship xxvi.Correlation DOES not mean causation.4. Examplesd. Low self-esteem could aim depressione. Depression could cause low self-esteemf. Distressing events or biological predisposition could cause low self-esteem and depression. xxvii. Illusory Correlation the perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists. (Example parents conceive children after adoption). xxviii. Order in Random Events5. inclined random data, we look for order and meaningful patterns. 6. Given large numbers of random outcomes, a few are in all probability to express order. k. Experimentationxxix. Basic purpose to explore cause and effect.xxx. How conducted check one or more factors use random assignment. xxxi. What is manipulated the self-employed person v ariable(s). xxxii. Weaknesses sometimes not feasible results may not generalize to other contexts not ethical to manipulate certain variables. xxxiii. The backbone of mental research7. do generated by manipulated factors isolate cause and effect relationships. xxxiv. Double-blind Procedure in evaluating medicate therapies, patients and experimenters assistants should remain unaware of which patients had the real treatment and which patients had the placebo treatment. xxxv. Random duty assignment assigning participants to experi affable and control conditions, by random assignment, minimizes pre-existing differences between the two groups. xxxvi. In restricted Variable a factor manipulated by the experimenter.8. The effect of the independent variable is the focus of the study 9. Example when examining the effects of breast-feeding upon intelligence, breast-feeding is the independent variable. xxxvii. Dependent Variable a factor that may change in response to an independent variab le. 10. Usually a behavior or a mental process.11. Example in the study of the effect of breast-feeding upon intelligence, intelligence is the dependent variable.4) Aristotlel. 384-322 B.C.m. Naturalist and philosophern. Theorized about psychologys conceptso. Suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows from experience. p. The soul is not separable from the body, and the uniform holds good of detail parts of the soul. -Aristotle 5) Wundtq. 1832-1920r. Studied the atoms of the minds. Experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879, which is considered the birth of psychology.6) William mobt. 1842-1910u. American philosopherv. Wrote psychology textbook in 1890w. Jamess student, Mary Calkins, became the APAs first female president xxxviii. She was not able to attain her PhD from Harvard.7) Sigmund Freudx. 1856-1939y. Austrian physicianz. Emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.8) Psychology. Originated in many discip lines and countries. Defined as the science of mental life until the 1920s. . 1920-1960 psychology was intemperately oriented towards behaviorism. . Psychology the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. 9) Pavlov, Watson and mule driver. Watson 1878-1958. Skinner 1904-1990. Emphasized the study of overt behavior as the domain matter of scientific psychology instead of mind or mental thoughts.. Anything seems commonplace, once explained. -Watson 10) Maslow and Rogers. Maslow 1908-1970. Rogers 1902-1987. Emphasized current environmental entrances on our growth possible and our need for love and acceptance.11) The American Psychological Association (APA). The largest organization of psychology. 160,000 members world-wide. Followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members.12) Current perspectives. Neuroscience how the body and brilliance enables emotions xxxix. How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry link up with moods and motiv es? . Evolutionary how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation on ones genes. xl. How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? . Behavior genetics how much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences xli. To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, intimate orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? . Psychodynamic how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts. xlii. How can someones personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of versed and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and puerility traumas? . Behavioral how we learn observable responses.xliii. How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to fall back weight or quit smoking? . cognitive how we encode, process, store and retrieve information xliv. How do we use information in reme mbering? debate? Problem solving? . Social-cultural how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. xlv. How are we- as Africans, Asians, Australians or north Americans- a exchangeable as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? 13) Psychologys subfields. biological explore the links between brain and mind. . Developmental study-changing abilities from womb to tomb. . Cognitive study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. . Personality investigate our persistent traits.. Social explore how we view and affect one another . clinical studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. . Counseling helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. . Educational studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings. . Industrial/Organizational studies and advises on behavior in the workplace. 14) Clinical vs. Psychiatry. Clinical Psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. . Psychiatrists (M.D.) medical professionals who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. 15) Three main levels of compendium