Analysis of Middle Range Nursing Theory Essay

Complex physiological stirs during gestation have a portentous impact on almost both organ on the carcass system including the vocal cavity these spays are due to hormonal changes. estrogen causes increased blood flow to the spoken cavity, making the gums fri adequate to(p) and scant(p) to bleed, contributing to gingivitis. Pregnancy-associated gingivitis is highly prevalent. It affects approximately 30%-75% of pregnant women and resolves after delivery. malady and vomiting during gestation can excessively increase the risk of all-embracing erosion (Varney, Kriebs, & adenine Gegor, 2004 Barak, Oettinger, Machetie, Peled, & antiophthalmic factor Ohel, 2003). In addition, changes in diet, such(prenominal) as increased consumption of carbohydrates, increased acid from vomiting, and changes in unwritten hygienics whitethorn increase the risk of tooth decay during gestation period (Russel & adenylic acid Mayberry, 2008). menstruum research and evidence shows the importanc e of maintaining good spoken sanitaryness during pregnancy. manifest supports that periodontal transmission systems during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse birth outlets such as premature deliveries, low birth weightiness, still birth, miscarriage, and pre-ecl axerophtholsia (Russell & international ampere Mayberry, 2008 Jeffcoat, Geurs, Reddy, Cliver, Goldenberg & Hauth, 2001). Preterm birth is a significant public wellness problem, as the prematurity rate at in the United States was 12.7% in 2007. Preliminary data for 2008 indicates a slight decline to well-nigh 12.3% (Martin, Hamilton, Sutton, Ventura, Mathews, Kirmeyer, & Osterman, 2010).Behrman & butler (2007) reported that one-year societal preterm births appeal more than $26.2 billion in 2005, or $51,600 per infant born preterm, including maternal delivery, medical charge, early encumbrance benefits, and loss of household and labor market productivity. As a midwife, matchless main goal during ant enatal heraldic bearing is to improve pregnancy outcomes. patch of this can be accomplished is by promoting spoken wellness flush and healthy behaviors. It is important to provide oral health education in the first place and during the current pregnancy, as hale as educate our clients about the association between poor maternal oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In addition, we must(prenominal) encourage them to see a dentist during pregnancy. hypothesisTo choose a opening to apply to the rehearse problem, relevant theories must be critically evaluated based on a set of criteria. The beginning utilise the three questions posed by Fawcett and Associates (1992) as described by Kenny (2006) (1) Does the theory or present address the client problems and health concerns? (2) argon the care for interventions suggested by the posture consistent with clients expectations for nurse care? and (3) Are the goals of nursing actions, based on the model or theory, cong ruent with the clients likingd health outcomes? (Kenny, 2006, p.305). Several kernel range theories can be used and applied to maximize oral health during pregnancy, as well as the prevention of adverse outcome related to oral problems.The opening of Reasoned Action and Theory of be after Behavior focuses on and explores the relationship between behavior and beliefs, as well as attitudes and intention (Montano & Kasprzyk, 2008). The Diffusion of Innovations Theory has been used to theme the adoption of health behaviors and programs (Tiffany & Lutjens, 1998). The Precaution Adoption Process baffle has been applied to behaviors which require deliberate action and initiating new behaviors (Weinstein, Sandman, & Blalock, 2002).The Transtheoretical feign and Stages of Change are used to guide the item-by-item through the stages of change to action and maintenance (Prochaska, Redding, & Evers, 2002). The health Belief simulate is used to predict and explain health be haviors and promote individuals in engaging health behavior (Champion & Stretcher & Janz, 2002). The best theory that fits this use problem and authors values and beliefs about client, health and nursing practice is wellness Belief Model. health Belief ModelThe Health Belief Model (HBM) was developed by a group of sociable psychologists at the U.S. Public Health Service in the 1950s in an attempt to understand the widespread failure of people to participate in programs to prevent and detect disease. It was later applied to persevering responses to symptoms and to compliance with positively charged medical regimens (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p. 46). The HBM has four major constructs coverd susceptibleness, compreh finish scratchiness, comprehend benefit, and perceived barriers. The model has been expanded to include cues to action and self cogency (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002). Perceived susceptibility refers to ones subjective experience of the risk of contracting a health condition. (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.48). Perceived bitterness refers to feelings concerning the seriousness of contracting an illness or of leaving it untreated includes evaluations of deuce medical and clinical consequences (death, dis readiness and pain) and possible social consequences (such as cause of the conditions on work, family life, and social relations). (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.48).Perceived benefits are beliefs and opinions of the value regarding the strong suit of the various actions available in reducing the disease threat. (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.48). Perceive barrier is a persons recognition of both the difficulties in performing the specific behaviors of interest and the negative things that could happen from performing those behaviors. (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.49). Cues to action are strategies to activate the ones readiness. And finally, self faculty is ones confi dence in ones ability to take action. (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.49). The Health Belief Model is one of the creationual frameworks for understanding health behavior. Also, the HBM is used for explaining and predicting acceptance and adherence to medical care recommendations (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002).The Model hypothesis that an individuals decision to change behavior is determined by two elements (1) Ones perception of a threat to personal health which is determined by two underlying belief, namely perceived susceptibility of the disease and the perceived severity and seriousness of the disease. And (2) Ones perception of the efficacy of treatment proposed to reduce the threat. (Ramseier, Suvan, 2010). This theory is indicated as a mid-range theory because it is narrow in scope, less abstract, and more applicable directly to practice for explanation and implementation.The early applications of HBM were focused on tuberculosis check test, and then MBM ext ended to lifestyle behavioral changes such as condoms use, obtaining vaccination against infectious disease such as influenza vaccine (Baranowski, Cullen, Nicklas, Thompson, & Baranowski, 2003 Janz & Becker,1984). The HBM model also has been used on screening behaviors such as mammography screening behaviors for detecting breast cancer, screening program for Tay Sachs disease, as well as in AIDS and regretful behavior research (Janz & Becker, 1984)Plan for Practice IntegrationTo enlightened the use of the Health Belief Model in promoting and maximizing oral health during pregnancy, we might begin with distributing a survey or questionnaire for each(prenominal) charwoman during the prenatal visit. The purposes of questionnaire are (1) To explore oral health practices and custom of alveolar consonant consonant care and (2) To examine womens use of dental service and frequency of dental visits during pregnancy. The questionnaire includes demographic data (i.e., age, marital status, educational level, annual house hold income, and dental insurance). It also includes questions regarding oral health hygiene practices (i.e., frequency of brushing and flossing). In addition, the frequency of dental visits before and during pregnancy, apprehension for dental visit, questions regarding any instructions received from health care providers about oral health care, safety of oral treatment during pregnancy, knowledge of popular oral health problem during pregnancy, and associations between poor maternal oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes would also be covered.Questions about barriers to dental care or reasons they do not visit the dentist would be explored. After collecting the survey from the women, the midwife or health care provider should discuss and provide teaching about oral health practices, the importance and safety of dental visits, and provide knowledge of oral health and pregnancy outcomes associated with poor oral health. This info rmation should be provided at every prenatal visit. The Health Belief Model would be explained in an educational session for midwife and health care provider (MD and dentist) using optic aids, including posters and handouts of the HBM construct. This educational session includes information about the theory in general, constructs and its relationships, also how this model was used in research and practice previously, and then how this model might be used and applied in maximizing and promoting oral health during pregnancy.A better understanding of the HBM from the midwife will  change them to use it in predicting and screening a patients oral health and related behaviors. In-person counseling could address each womans baseline belief regarding susceptibility to oral infection (i.e., gingivitis, peridonitis and dental caries), as well as benefits and barriers to the dental clinic visit and screening. By the end of the educational session, certain outcome objectives should be ass essed. These outcome objectives would be (1) By the end of the session, coulomb% of the midwives and health care providers will be able to describe the HBM and its constructs in their own words and (2) By the end of the session, 100% of the health care providers and midwives will be able to assist individual clients to develop and maintain oral hygiene behaviors.These objectives could be measured by assessing learner expectations regarding the sessions, asking questions, and having each one state their answers, as well as provide effective feedback to each answer from the participants. Several factors influencing the practice issues were understood by using the HBM in this practicum situation. The model of perceived susceptibility includes all pregnant women because of the hormonal fluctuations that occur during pregnancy, in addition to personal characteristics related to income, poor habits, inadequate dental hygiene and related behaviors. The concept of perceived severity is im portant in that if woman are do aware of poor pregnancy outcomes related to poor oral health, they whitethorn be more inclined to engage in healthy behaviors.The concept of perceived benefits are instrumental and correlate with healthy behaviors and healthy outcomes, which is the desire of most pregnant women. The concept of perceived barriers is important to address. While the live of dental care may be discouraging and many may fear the pain involved in dental health (i.e., injections, fillings), the cost and disappointment of poor pregnancy outcomes may far exceed these perceived barriers. Cues to action are employed through education and counseling the patient regarding the many benefits and risks regarding adequate and a lack of oral hygiene, as it affects their pregnancy outcome. The concept of self-efficacy is important, as women become empowered to make positive modus vivendi behavioral changes which positively impact their pregnancies.ReferencesBarak, S., Oettinger, B., M achetie, E., Peled, M., & Ohel, G. (2003). Commonoralmanifestations during pregnancy A review. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey,58(9), 624-628.Baranowski, Cullen, K., Nicklas, T., Thompson, D., & Baranowski, J.( 2003). Are currentHealth behavioral change models helpful in guiding prevention of weight gain efforts?Obesity research 11.Janz & Becker. (1984). 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