The Social Triangle and A Retrieved Reformation :: Author Writer O Henry

In the unretentive stories The Social trigon and A Retrieved reformation, O. enthalpy uses the literary devices of attributeism, secret plan twists, and characterization. The time breaker point in which O. Henrys finest whole kit and boodle created, occurred in the late 1800s to the too soon 1900s where he blind readers with his unorthodox, ro art objecttic style. A short floor cor sensationted A Retrieved Reformation written by O. Henry, who sold it to George Tyler who later off the work into a Broadway show. Alias Jimmy Valentineas it came to be called daze America, England, France, and Spain for over a decade. In the short stories The Social Triangle and A Retrieved Reformation, O. Henry uses the literary devices of symbolism, plot twists, and characterization.The Social Triangle one of the great works by O. Henry, uses symbolism, plot twists, and characterization. The triangle includes a poor people hard-working, lower-class humannesskind named Ikey Snigglefritz who uses his whole weeks pay to setup drinks for a materialistic man named baton McMahon. Ikeys wife and her three sisters become outraged at his actions. Despite their temper toward him, he gladly gave up his pay to overtake it on somebody whom he admires and the way he spent his compensation is a symbol of achievement. Ikey threw is weeks wages in a crumbled roll upon the bar. With unless slight hesitation, Ikey make a friendly gesture to a man of a higher(prenominal) class who will probably never have intercourse how hard it he worked to get that money. Both Ikey and Billy got their jollies by oscillation the hired man of person from a social class above them. cutting edge Duyskink got his jollies by trembling the flip over of the impoverish Ikey Snigglefritz which happens to classify as a plot twist. To wreak the improbable triangle, Van Duyskink...impulsively leaves his car to grasp the hand of Ikey Snigglefritz. The plot appears to be twisted because nobo dy expects Van Duyskink to be skilful to shake the hand of a poor man due to the accompaniment that he is a millionaire. O. Henry developed Ikey and Billy through the story by victimisation characterization. Henry describes Billy McMahon as ...the greatest man, the most wonderful man...flushed and haughty and mighty. Henry goes on to represent just how all important(predicate) and wonderful this man is. Ikey is described by Henry when he says that Ikey is, .The Social Triangle and A Retrieved Reformation Author Writer O HenryIn the short stories The Social Triangle and A Retrieved Reformation, O. Henry uses the literary devices of symbolism, plot twists, and characterization. The time period in which O. Henrys finest works created, occurred in the late 1800s to the early 1900s where he dazzled readers with his unorthodox, romantic style. A short story titled A Retrieved Reformation written by O. Henry, who sold it to George Tyler who later turned the work into a Broad way show. Alias Jimmy Valentineas it came to be called dazzled America, England, France, and Spain for over a decade. In the short stories The Social Triangle and A Retrieved Reformation, O. Henry uses the literary devices of symbolism, plot twists, and characterization.The Social Triangle one of the great works by O. Henry, uses symbolism, plot twists, and characterization. The triangle includes a poor hard-working, lower-class man named Ikey Snigglefritz who uses his whole weeks pay to setup drinks for a middle-class man named Billy McMahon. Ikeys wife and her three sisters become outraged at his actions. Despite their animosity toward him, he gladly gave up his pay to spend it on someone whom he admires and the way he spent his wages is a symbol of achievement. Ikey threw is weeks wages in a crumbled roll upon the bar. With only slight hesitation, Ikey made a friendly gesture to a man of a higher class who will probably never know how hard it he worked to get that money. Both Ikey and Billy got their jollies by shaking the hand of someone from a social class above them. Van Duyskink got his jollies by shaking the hand of the impoverish Ikey Snigglefritz which happens to classify as a plot twist. To solve the improbable triangle, Van Duyskink...impulsively leaves his car to grasp the hand of Ikey Snigglefritz. The plot appears to be twisted because nobody expects Van Duyskink to be happy to shake the hand of a poor man due to the fact that he is a millionaire. O. Henry developed Ikey and Billy through the story by using characterization. Henry describes Billy McMahon as ...the greatest man, the most wonderful man...flushed and triumphant and mighty. Henry goes on to represent just how important and wonderful this man is. Ikey is described by Henry when he says that Ikey is, .

Richard Wright :: essays research papers

& adenylic acid8220The Man Who Was Almost a Man     In &8220The Man Who Was Almost a Man by Richard Wright, the chief(prenominal) character Dave expresses his needs to be acknowledged as an enceinte. Yet he also exhibits his immaturity and the item that he is not yet an swelled and can not handle adult problems. His actions lead him into trouble that proves the fact that he is still an adolescent who can not handle problems of the adult world.The characters around Dave make him feel like he is still a child. His wants to purchase a gun to feel to a greater extent powerful. In the starting signal of this story, Dave talks about how a gun would change the way deal acted towards him. He feels that if he owns this power, the men in the fields who work with him bequeath have more respect for him, and his generate will start treating him as an adult. Dave feels as if he is surrounded by people who treat him as a child and he does not like this at all. &82 20You ain&8217t nothing but a boy. You wear upon&8217t need a gun. This statement said by Joe, is the main reason why Dave truly wants a gun, to feel independent. regular though Dave wants to be acknowledged as an adult, his actions are very unvaned and childlike. The act of cornering his acquire for a gun is one good poser of immaturity. Dave feels as though he can not ask his papa for the gun for fear of rejection, a perfect example of immaturity. Daves defiance to his mother&8217s rules is another example of immaturity. Dave&8217s mother agrees to allow Dave to buy the gun as long as he promises to bring it straight to her. He agrees to this, yet he does not go along with her wish. The next morning, Dave set out to the fields early to hold his gun. He ends up accidentally killing Mr. Hawkins mule, Jenny. The way Dave goes about dealing with this problem is childish. He panics and decides to lie about what really did happen. He makes up a story which he knows n obody will believe, yet he feels that if everyone does in fact believe him he can avoid his problems more easily.

Night Mother Essay

Night Mother is a screenplay of a induce who goes through a allot of problems before she fin altogethery ends up committing suicide. The woman in question is Jessie who is cast asunder due to her deplorable pargonnting skills and her epilepsy. She was deemed an unfit set up and also a poor workforce part due to her disease. She does non meet each man and is even panic-struck of venturing out and disc e actu exclusively(prenominal)ywhereing new sights of the world. In her frustrations, Jessie ends her brio. The culmination of events to the death of Jessie is explored in a chilly manner. The citizenry surrounding her each play a variant role in the ultimate outcome of her life.With a keener sense of verbal expression it is easy for one to know exactly why Jessie chose suicide over life. There is so much that is go away hanging and in the equipoise by the demise of Jessie who near people would necessitate to believe could postulate led life differently (The Internet Movie Database). Hope and sleep together is a theme brought out clearly in the movie Night, Mother. The conversations that Jessie had if they had been much(prenominal) enlightening and encouraging would have probably built her esteem towards life. closely of the talks Jessie has with her suffer are redundant and insignificant hence the orientation course to her fixs silence while he was alive.She distinguish that her get under ones skin was able with the sm all(prenominal) things and was pleased by the keenness sh give birth to his pipe. He acknowledged his pipe cleaned and that was his biggest bother. If clean she was dotted with her poses love and assist (Dolan 43). However, her acquire acted like always wanted to manipulate Jessie. She barely loves Jessie and is more interested in sending her all over than in teach her or caring for her. Her render reveals to Jessie that she barely loved her father when she tells her how the love Jessie had for her father was eno ugh for both of them.Yet Jessie yearns for love and regard and feels it would ascension her thoughts around life. When her health improves, and the fear of epilepsy wanes she understands finally how her life revolved most her sickness. She feels her mother is stillified in hating her as the sickness consumed all her condemnation and her mothers clock time too. She bemoans losing herself to the disease and eventually confesses to her mother that she would quite a take her own life for she felt she had already lost it (Demastes 53). some other theme that is evident is role reversal of parent and child.With the use of medical specialty Jessie starts to feel as though the sickness is imposing too much on her mother. Each time she takes medicine her memory improves and she is able to recant the effort her mother countersinks into her health. It gos Jessie want to make more of the matter and she is oftentimes questioning if her mother is enough to take care of her. With this in thinker Jessie takes it in her own hands to take care of herself whenever she can. She also cares for her father a role her mother carried out previously scarcely stop when Jessie started doing it.She is at her mothers beck and call doing all that she requires yet she is the one that needs nursing and taking care of (De Fazio 72). Jessie finds more solace in functioning out at home rather than severe to make friends like people her age. She is an isolated child, chained by the stigma that is her sickness. She promptly sent and misss her time locked indoors for fear the epileptic attacks may supervene during her walks outdoor. She doesnt seek to venture out of the house and is spurned by neither nature nor adventure. She keeps to herself and no one questions her that way.She avoids conversation with most people and is seldom seen out of the house (The Internet Movie Database). There is no motivation from her mother to try and discover the world out thither. She does non f eel the need to do it either. The picture painted of Jessie is a unembellished tale of separation from reality. What the mother feels as the prevention of pain and ignominy for her girl is actually an ill that grows over time and goes un noniced. She resents the world and her mother as a result (Brown 91). The family dynamics of this home are interlocking as they are depressing.The father is at comfort knowing his pipes are cleans and somehow derives gratification from this. It is like his measure of love for his daughter as he is seldom seen to display any form of unwarranted parent love or care. He just does what is needed, going through life as though it were motions. His daughter, Jessie, on the other hand, makes it her point to clean all the pipes as she desires the attention and care shown to her by her father. She is constantly checking to see that her father is fine and at peace (Flora & Taylor 74). The relationship Jessie has with her mother is riotous and rocky.Her mother treats Jessie more like a house servant than her own daughter. Jessie does not seem to realize this and is seen to gladly go whenever she is sent. She feels the need to help her mother, out of the guilt of not existence able to assist her when she is unwell. She assumes most responsibilities in the house and is constantly make plans for the family like an adult. Jessie however does not entirely like her family. She complains that family usually knows too much to which her mother says it is unless normal as the family rarely chooses each other and they are meant to love each other unconditionally (Flora & Taylor 116).In the life of Jessie there is recurrence of determinism and fate. Jessies mother feels that she is somewhat to doomed for the way her daughter behaves and also for her sickness. She constantly question whether she might have dropped Jessie as a child or if she fed her the wrong kind of food. She confesses that she did not want any more children and she smo ked and drunk while carrying Jessie awaiting conception. Jessie tries to reassure her mother give tongue to that its just epilepsy and that there was nothing she did that would have lessen the situation.She is categorical in her stating that it was her fate to be epileptic and to commit suicide. She tries very hard to show her mother that the mothers decision making affects little or even nothing of her current condition. She is but a mere observer to her state for she believes either way she lead expire and is only trying to hasten the process (Flora & Taylor 124). A composite plant morality also plays a part in the unfolding of the story. Jessies mother finds a way to get her daughter guilty of committing suicide.She reminds Jessie of how she hates being alone or staying alone hence she feels Jessie should stay around for her. She thence tries hard to coax Jessie into shelving her plans by asking her to consider the pain incurred when public lecture to her friends about J essie. It is clear that her mother felt the gap that would be left was too huge to fill. Jessie then reminds her mother that the reason she choose to expose in her about committing suicide was so that her mother would be at peace and not have to worry and question herself or blame herself for it is beyond her power to change what she feels (Dolan 105).Jessie further emphasizes the need to know for her mother was her driving force to speak. Jessie does not appreciate how her mother makes it all about her. Even after her clarification, Jessies mother is liquid adamant saying how she is the one whom society will continually shower with sympathy she doesnt need. She tries more cheap shots at Jessie by rotund her how her son will sell all the belongings and go use drugs with that money for leave out of guidance. To wish Jessie replies with an equally chiding remark that she will be happy if he found good drugs not cheaply prepared drugs (Demastes 89).From immensity to fall shows how Jessie envisioned her life with her mother. She always thought she was the prized child but in her death she realizes just how estranged she was from her parents and how she is not a worthy parent to her son either. Thelma, Jessies mother, asks her to extend her stay by set away her suicide attempt to which Jessie responds with an astute no. In her plea, Thelma promises to be a better parent and make a better attendee than she usually is. Jessie is sure she knows enough not believe her mother.She says she wants a dramatic exit where she leaves at the top (The Internet Movie Database). Just by saying this Jessie shows the viewer how out of touch she is with her son. She does not even put his interests into consideration when taking her life. Asked about contacting her comrade, Jessie is shocked that her mother talks to her brother and somewhat irritated. She is heard mumbling about how she had been neglected and set aside as though she was not a member of that family. She quick ly defends her intermission with her son as an unfortunate occurrence brought about by disease.The children in this family seem to have grown up not knowing agnate love or care and consequently lost touch of their togetherness. The fulminant announcement of committing suicide spurns Thelma into action and for a moment she is willing to spend even an extra hour with her daughter. In the frenzy she is also trying to communicate with her son Dawson and his wife Loretta (The Internet Movie Database). Even amidst the uplift of the realization that Jessie will eventually commit suicide the two women still find time to throw humorous statements at each other.At some point Jessie while making reference to her epileptic attacks says she did not even realize when they happened and was only alert when she woke up and found herself in a different set of clothing. She says they gave no warning and sometimes all it gave off was a light buzz to the head and her lights were out. Her mother lat er on remarks, jokingly, that she had a splendid time watching as Jessie and her father moody on and off akin to light bulbs all through the night. They trick at this rare moment and share glimpses of what could have been done all through their lives (Brown, 94).To break silence Jessie is quick to point out how sizable her sister in-laws, feet are big and her mother counters by telling her the share a similar foot size with her in-law. Humor creates meanness and aids in filling the empty void of displeasure that Jessie has carried all her life (Brown, 133). The closeness and sentimentality is also seen where Jessie tells Thelma of how she wants all the night to herself. She just wants to be with her mother and no one else should disturb them. She calls the night a private moment for two.In the sentimentality there is a lot of thought provoking conversations that open the two to learning more of the other. Jessie for the world-class time gets to confirm that her mother lost all form of affection for her father a long time back. She is neither pleased nor no-count at finally getting to hear those words uttered vocally by her mother. She also gets a half-baked confession from her mother who denies any knowledge of the suffering Jessie was going through. Jessie feels despised and takes offence that her own mother would not notice how alone she was yet she was there most of the time (Flora & Taylor 141).

Public Schools vs. Private Schools Essay

common or semiprivate? That is the question. superstar chief(prenominal) thing to keep in mind when determining a school choice is the long and short term effects on assimilators and their views. The differences among them can help with thedecision on which kind of school to strike. exoteric and private schools are diametric in reinforcement and their larn environment.Public and private schools have different sources of support. Public schools depend on assorted government funding. One example being, they get funds from the state gross sales taxes collected from businesses, stores, etc. Another fashion they get their funds is by The Minimum Foundation Program, which is the state approbation formula. Fin all(prenominal)y, the most common way of funding is through topical anesthetic sales taxes and from the communities property taxes.Private schools, however, are not supported by money from the government. The main way they chance their money is the tuition payments m ade by the families of the students. Similarly, theyre also fit to receive money from grants, such as The Private School sanction program, and also A+PELs Grant and Scholarship Program. Finally, charitable donations by the local community organizations play a big part in funding things needed for the schools.Also, public and private schools have different learning environments.Public schools are primarily known to have a poor learning environment. One example being, they have a tendency to be virtually all one race dependent on the communities location. Also, their learning atmospheres are generally not a safe and secure environment. Finally, there would be more of a chance of being around drugs and violence. Public school playing field procedures tend to be more lenient. Often many rules are lowly and nothing is done to punish the rule breakers.On the other hand, private schools tend to have a better learning environment. Theyre for the most part chosen for the well being of the child. For example, having strict procedures allows the student to have a more independent means of achievement. Also, they tend to have more racial diversity and economic groups, which put a better clientele of students together. And finally, having these procedures allows the student to focus more on their studies, rather than having to worry about what another(prenominal) student leave behind do to them.In conclusion, there are different funding and learning environments in public and private schools. However, it is still up to an individual to make the choice on where to go. Some parents may choose public schools, because financially that is all they can handle. On the contrary, some will choose private schooling simply based on its learning environment. The better environment a student has the better protection and fellowship it will receive.

Pliny the Younger

This earn was written by Pliny the Younger to the emperor howeverterfly Trajan while he was serving as the Governor of the Roman Province of Asia Minor during the epoch frame 111 through 113. This letter was written after Pliny had his first interactions with the Chirsitans. This letter seems to have been written as a letter of repair, asking the Emperor for guidance on how to handle legalities of his interactions with Christians. This concern was seen in his opening rehearsal to the Emperor, It is my invariable rule, Sir, to refer to you in all matters where I step indeterminate for who is more capable of removing my scruples, or informing my ignorance. 1 In my opinion, I believe that Pliny is clear in his communication to the Emperor. I am innocent(predicate) not only with the nature of their crimes, or the measures of their punishment, but how far it is straitlaced to enter into an examination concerning them. 2 This statement to me, clarifies his concern of the religion, in whether or not the practice of Christianity is unishable. This letter signifies the importance of the changing world and the concern of how to handle those changes. I think that Pliny voiced that concern throughout this letter. He seemed to have been disturbed and unaware of how to handle these changes, and, if in fact these changes could be punishable as this was not the way of the Roman beliefs. This was put distinctly toward the end of Plinys letter, This contagious superstition is not confined to the cities only, but has spread its infection mong the neighboring villages. 3 In summary, I feel that this letter is of significant concern and is an interesting account into the history of how Christianity was sight and dealt with in the Roman Empire. Bibliography Pliny the Younger. The Letters of Pliny (Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus) Book 10, Letters 97 and 98, Translated by Melmoth, Revised by the Rev. F. C. T. Bosanquet, 1905. http//wadsworth. com/history_d/special_feature s/ilrn_legacy /wawc 1c01c/content/wciv1/readings/pliny. html

Organizational culture Essay

For a company, agreemental husbandry is real fundamental because the culture is wish almostthing that the expendee batch be based for. In addition, the organisational culture is outlined as a system of sh ard meaning and beliefs within an organization that determines, in a large degree, how exerciseees act (Robbins, et al., 2003, p. 70). Founders of raw organizations and managers sour an important role in creating and maintaining organizational cultures. However, honourable organizational cultures atomic number 18 those in which respectable values and norms are emphasized. As J 1s and George (2003, p. 350) argue that honest organizational cultures give the bounce help organizations and their members be induct in a soci onlyy trusty manner. Some might believe that if they do the ethical unified culture, they pull up stakes be able to get much mesh.Meanwhile, Arnold and Lampe (1999, pp. 1-19, cited in Robbins, et al., p. 154) drive that the content and strength of an organizations culture excessively influences ethical behavior. Nevertheless, a fast culture will entertain a very powerful and positive influence on managers decisions to act ethically and unethically. whereas, in a weak organizational culture, managers are more analogously to curse on subculture norms as a behavioral guide. Work groupings and departmental standards will strongly influence ethical behaviour in organizations with weak general cultures.Alongside with organizational culture, in that location are two more things that have strong correlation with it. The first one is ethics. Ethics is the code of clean principles and values that govern that behavior of a person or group with respect to what is upright or wrong (Robbins, et al., 2003, p. 150). The second thing that has strong correlation with culture is social office. It is a managements stipulation to make choices and take action that will contribute to the welfare and absorb of nine as well as to the i nterest of the organization (Robbins, et al., 2003, p. 138).Nevertheless, managers who have ethical behavior and social tariff can build a good report card for their company. As Donaldson and Werhane (1993, pp.249-254) argue that having a good paper of a company can increase advance. In addition, Robbins (et al., 2003, pp. 161-165) defines social responsibility is an obligation, beyond that required by the law and economics, for a firm to trail long goals that are good for society. However, social responsibility is the trustyness of manager to make decision consider with well-being of stakeholders and society. In fact, there are two main views of managements social responsibility, which are classical view and socioeconomic view (Robbins, 2003, p. 407). Additionally, classical view aims to increase profits, whereas socioeconomic view is that social responsibility goes beyond the increasing profit to reform the welfare of society.It is very important that managers suppo rt and develop an ethical culture because employees more likely to act ethically if their leader thrash having an ethical role model (Jones, & George, 2003, pp.101-103). Working ethically is a responsibility to the society. Nevertheless, this is very important as it can avoid harming stakeholders and also enhance the well-being of society as a whole. Stakeholders including employees, customers, suppliers, competitors, governments, media, union, communities, social and political action groups, etc (Robbins, et al., 2003, pp. 92-93).There are still whatever(prenominal) examples for the reference of socially responsible behavior such as providing training for officiateers, eliminating discrimination and simplification pollution (Robbins, et al., 2003, p. 407). Providing training for workers can enhance their skills and techniques for work and it can improve the productivity and efficiency. Workers will non be obsolete by the changes of engineering science so it benefits employ ees as well as the company (Tsang, 2003, p. 25). Social responsibility and economic growth is related sometimes. At first, the profit may be reduced by the costs of training workers, however, when the trained employees can work efficiently, the productivity will be increased followed by increasing profit at last.Eliminating discrimination is a social responsibility of managers. Some companies would like to employ a specific kind of person but non the others and cause inequality is known as discrimination. For instance, some companies would pick out employ a local student to an international student or they prefer employ man to woman (Pagan, 2000, p. 619). It is harm to firm if they refuse to employ some other races commonwealth since they can go out some new ideas to the company for reference.These new ideas may not be gained from local employers as foreigners have different culture from the local and they can offer some useful information from the other view for the decisio n making. This is why an organizational culture which has formally adopted a specific position, philosophy, or machinate of beliefs regarding the fundamental values or principles, is an important thing to be employ as the basis for business decision making. Moreover, if managers keep labor commercialize discrimination, it would lead to society chaotic and harm the society. Therefore, managers should bear the social responsibility to reduce discrimination.Another point that supports an organization to become socially responsible is that when a company being socially responsible, which inwardness that the company has long-term goals. Company should higher the quality of a product to benefit customers to provide a better quality of life (Samli, 1992, p.12). The real example near this is The Body Shop. Although The Body Shop is looking for the profit, they still very bear upon about the environment. They use goods that not give bad impact on the environment.The product that the bo dy shop sells is more expensive than others because they use the materials that do not give bad impact to the environment. As a result, hoi polloi still buy their product because people know that they choose the right product. More expensive but in their product, it cant be found anything that can scathe their self and more important damage the environment. As we have seen, by being socially responsible, the firm can gain long-run profit and improve the companys in the public eye(predicate) image (Davis, et al., 1988, p. 37).In short, it can be seen that being socially responsible and following ethical corporate culture is much more profitable. But, since not all the companies have ethical corporate culture, there are some policies or practices that can be worked to encourage it. Firstly, the company should provide some training for the new and current employee because with the training activities it will make all the employee know about the culture and can adapt with the organiz ations culture. Secondly, the company should punish the person who do not obey or make appropriate with the culture and give respect to the person who perform and do the culture. With that punishment and respect the employee will think that obey the culture is important. Third, the leaders in the company have to do the culture, so the employee can follow the leader to do the culture. Senior management needs to vehement avoid any decision or action that could reasonably be expected to communicate selfish motive for imposing an ethics philosophy, system, or measurement on employees (www.centeronline.org/knowledge/article.cfm?ID=2431).In conclusion, social responsibility is an important element for a company to success. Social responsibility brings company reputation followed by higher profit. Those firms having social responsibility can improve peoples quality of life and their health. It can also stable the society from chaotic. Therefore, managers should follow regulations and work ethically with the consideration of societys well-being. Briefly, if one company is concerned about the ethical corporate culture which means that the company and the employee know what is right and wrong and know how to behave in the company. Thus, in one company it is very important to have ethical corporate culture.

Analysis of Middle Range Nursing Theory Essay

Complex physiological stirs during gestation have a portentous impact on almost both organ on the carcass system including the vocal cavity these spays are due to hormonal changes. estrogen causes increased blood flow to the spoken cavity, making the gums fri adequate to(p) and scant(p) to bleed, contributing to gingivitis. Pregnancy-associated gingivitis is highly prevalent. It affects approximately 30%-75% of pregnant women and resolves after delivery. malady and vomiting during gestation can excessively increase the risk of all-embracing erosion (Varney, Kriebs, & adenine Gegor, 2004 Barak, Oettinger, Machetie, Peled, & antiophthalmic factor Ohel, 2003). In addition, changes in diet, such(prenominal) as increased consumption of carbohydrates, increased acid from vomiting, and changes in unwritten hygienics whitethorn increase the risk of tooth decay during gestation period (Russel & adenylic acid Mayberry, 2008). menstruum research and evidence shows the importanc e of maintaining good spoken sanitaryness during pregnancy. manifest supports that periodontal transmission systems during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse birth outlets such as premature deliveries, low birth weightiness, still birth, miscarriage, and pre-ecl axerophtholsia (Russell & international ampere Mayberry, 2008 Jeffcoat, Geurs, Reddy, Cliver, Goldenberg & Hauth, 2001). Preterm birth is a significant public wellness problem, as the prematurity rate at in the United States was 12.7% in 2007. Preliminary data for 2008 indicates a slight decline to well-nigh 12.3% (Martin, Hamilton, Sutton, Ventura, Mathews, Kirmeyer, & Osterman, 2010).Behrman & butler (2007) reported that one-year societal preterm births appeal more than $26.2 billion in 2005, or $51,600 per infant born preterm, including maternal delivery, medical charge, early encumbrance benefits, and loss of household and labor market productivity. As a midwife, matchless main goal during ant enatal heraldic bearing is to improve pregnancy outcomes. patch of this can be accomplished is by promoting spoken wellness flush and healthy behaviors. It is important to provide oral health education in the first place and during the current pregnancy, as hale as educate our clients about the association between poor maternal oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In addition, we must(prenominal) encourage them to see a dentist during pregnancy. hypothesisTo choose a opening to apply to the rehearse problem, relevant theories must be critically evaluated based on a set of criteria. The beginning utilise the three questions posed by Fawcett and Associates (1992) as described by Kenny (2006) (1) Does the theory or present address the client problems and health concerns? (2) argon the care for interventions suggested by the posture consistent with clients expectations for nurse care? and (3) Are the goals of nursing actions, based on the model or theory, cong ruent with the clients likingd health outcomes? (Kenny, 2006, p.305). Several kernel range theories can be used and applied to maximize oral health during pregnancy, as well as the prevention of adverse outcome related to oral problems.The opening of Reasoned Action and Theory of be after Behavior focuses on and explores the relationship between behavior and beliefs, as well as attitudes and intention (Montano & Kasprzyk, 2008). The Diffusion of Innovations Theory has been used to theme the adoption of health behaviors and programs (Tiffany & Lutjens, 1998). The Precaution Adoption Process baffle has been applied to behaviors which require deliberate action and initiating new behaviors (Weinstein, Sandman, & Blalock, 2002).The Transtheoretical feign and Stages of Change are used to guide the item-by-item through the stages of change to action and maintenance (Prochaska, Redding, & Evers, 2002). The health Belief simulate is used to predict and explain health be haviors and promote individuals in engaging health behavior (Champion & Stretcher & Janz, 2002). The best theory that fits this use problem and authors values and beliefs about client, health and nursing practice is wellness Belief Model. health Belief ModelThe Health Belief Model (HBM) was developed by a group of sociable psychologists at the U.S. Public Health Service in the 1950s in an attempt to understand the widespread failure of people to participate in programs to prevent and detect disease. It was later applied to persevering responses to symptoms and to compliance with positively charged medical regimens (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p. 46). The HBM has four major constructs coverd susceptibleness, compreh finish scratchiness, comprehend benefit, and perceived barriers. The model has been expanded to include cues to action and self cogency (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002). Perceived susceptibility refers to ones subjective experience of the risk of contracting a health condition. (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.48). Perceived bitterness refers to feelings concerning the seriousness of contracting an illness or of leaving it untreated includes evaluations of deuce medical and clinical consequences (death, dis readiness and pain) and possible social consequences (such as cause of the conditions on work, family life, and social relations). (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.48).Perceived benefits are beliefs and opinions of the value regarding the strong suit of the various actions available in reducing the disease threat. (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.48). Perceive barrier is a persons recognition of both the difficulties in performing the specific behaviors of interest and the negative things that could happen from performing those behaviors. (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.49). Cues to action are strategies to activate the ones readiness. And finally, self faculty is ones confi dence in ones ability to take action. (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002, p.49). The Health Belief Model is one of the creationual frameworks for understanding health behavior. Also, the HBM is used for explaining and predicting acceptance and adherence to medical care recommendations (Champion, Stretcher, & Janz, 2002).The Model hypothesis that an individuals decision to change behavior is determined by two elements (1) Ones perception of a threat to personal health which is determined by two underlying belief, namely perceived susceptibility of the disease and the perceived severity and seriousness of the disease. And (2) Ones perception of the efficacy of treatment proposed to reduce the threat. (Ramseier, Suvan, 2010). This theory is indicated as a mid-range theory because it is narrow in scope, less abstract, and more applicable directly to practice for explanation and implementation.The early applications of HBM were focused on tuberculosis check test, and then MBM ext ended to lifestyle behavioral changes such as condoms use, obtaining vaccination against infectious disease such as influenza vaccine (Baranowski, Cullen, Nicklas, Thompson, & Baranowski, 2003 Janz & Becker,1984). The HBM model also has been used on screening behaviors such as mammography screening behaviors for detecting breast cancer, screening program for Tay Sachs disease, as well as in AIDS and regretful behavior research (Janz & Becker, 1984)Plan for Practice IntegrationTo enlightened the use of the Health Belief Model in promoting and maximizing oral health during pregnancy, we might begin with distributing a survey or questionnaire for each(prenominal) charwoman during the prenatal visit. The purposes of questionnaire are (1) To explore oral health practices and custom of alveolar consonant consonant care and (2) To examine womens use of dental service and frequency of dental visits during pregnancy. The questionnaire includes demographic data (i.e., age, marital status, educational level, annual house hold income, and dental insurance). It also includes questions regarding oral health hygiene practices (i.e., frequency of brushing and flossing). In addition, the frequency of dental visits before and during pregnancy, apprehension for dental visit, questions regarding any instructions received from health care providers about oral health care, safety of oral treatment during pregnancy, knowledge of popular oral health problem during pregnancy, and associations between poor maternal oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes would also be covered.Questions about barriers to dental care or reasons they do not visit the dentist would be explored. After collecting the survey from the women, the midwife or health care provider should discuss and provide teaching about oral health practices, the importance and safety of dental visits, and provide knowledge of oral health and pregnancy outcomes associated with poor oral health. This info rmation should be provided at every prenatal visit. The Health Belief Model would be explained in an educational session for midwife and health care provider (MD and dentist) using optic aids, including posters and handouts of the HBM construct. This educational session includes information about the theory in general, constructs and its relationships, also how this model was used in research and practice previously, and then how this model might be used and applied in maximizing and promoting oral health during pregnancy.A better understanding of the HBM from the midwife will  change them to use it in predicting and screening a patients oral health and related behaviors. In-person counseling could address each womans baseline belief regarding susceptibility to oral infection (i.e., gingivitis, peridonitis and dental caries), as well as benefits and barriers to the dental clinic visit and screening. By the end of the educational session, certain outcome objectives should be ass essed. These outcome objectives would be (1) By the end of the session, coulomb% of the midwives and health care providers will be able to describe the HBM and its constructs in their own words and (2) By the end of the session, 100% of the health care providers and midwives will be able to assist individual clients to develop and maintain oral hygiene behaviors.These objectives could be measured by assessing learner expectations regarding the sessions, asking questions, and having each one state their answers, as well as provide effective feedback to each answer from the participants. Several factors influencing the practice issues were understood by using the HBM in this practicum situation. The model of perceived susceptibility includes all pregnant women because of the hormonal fluctuations that occur during pregnancy, in addition to personal characteristics related to income, poor habits, inadequate dental hygiene and related behaviors. The concept of perceived severity is im portant in that if woman are do aware of poor pregnancy outcomes related to poor oral health, they whitethorn be more inclined to engage in healthy behaviors.The concept of perceived benefits are instrumental and correlate with healthy behaviors and healthy outcomes, which is the desire of most pregnant women. The concept of perceived barriers is important to address. While the live of dental care may be discouraging and many may fear the pain involved in dental health (i.e., injections, fillings), the cost and disappointment of poor pregnancy outcomes may far exceed these perceived barriers. Cues to action are employed through education and counseling the patient regarding the many benefits and risks regarding adequate and a lack of oral hygiene, as it affects their pregnancy outcome. The concept of self-efficacy is important, as women become empowered to make positive modus vivendi behavioral changes which positively impact their pregnancies.ReferencesBarak, S., Oettinger, B., M achetie, E., Peled, M., & Ohel, G. (2003). Commonoralmanifestations during pregnancy A review. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey,58(9), 624-628.Baranowski, Cullen, K., Nicklas, T., Thompson, D., & Baranowski, J.( 2003). Are currentHealth behavioral change models helpful in guiding prevention of weight gain efforts?Obesity research 11.Janz & Becker. (1984). The Health Belief Model A decade later. Health educationquarterly.11 (1)1-47.Jeffcoat, M., Geurs, N., Reddy, M., Cliver, S., Goldenberg, R., & Hauth, J. (2001).Periodontal infection and preterm birth Results of a prospective study. Journal of theAmerican Dental Association,132, 875-880.Behrman, R., & Butler, A. (2007). Preterm birth Causes, consequences and prevention. NationalAcademic Press, Washington, DC. Retrieved on November 3, 2011 fromhttp//www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11622&page=398.Martin, J., Hamilton, B., Sutton, P., Ventura, S., Mathews, T., Kirmeyer,S., & Osterman, M.(2010). Births Final data for 2007. National Vital Statistics Reports. 58(24), 1-88.Montano, D., & Kasorzyk, D. (2008). Theory of reason out action, theory of plannedbehavior, and the integrated behavioral model. In K. Glanz, B. Rimer, & K.Viswanath (Eds.). Health Behavior and Health Education Theory Research and Practice(4th ed.), regular army Jossey-Bas, pp. 67-95.Ramseier, C., & Suvan, J.(2010). Health behavior change in dental practice. Ames, IowaWiley-Blackwell.Russel, S., & Mayberry, L. (2008). Pregnancy and oral health A review and recommendations toReduce gaps in practice and research. The American Journal of Child Health Nursing,33(1), pp. 32-7.Prochaska, J., Redding, C., & Evers, K. (2002). The Transtheoretical model and stagesof change. In K. Glanz, B. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.) Health Behavior and HealthEducation Theory Research and Practice (4th ed.). regular army Jossey-Bass, pp. 97-121.Varney, H., Kriebs, J., & Gegor, C. (2004). Varneys midwifery (4th ed). Sudbur y, cud Jones & Bartlett Publishers.Weinstein, N., Sandman, P., & Blalock, S. (2002). The precaution adoption processmodel. In K. Glanz, B. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.) Health Behavior and HealthEducation Theory, Research, and Practice (4th ed.). USA Jossey-Bas, pp. 123-147.

Childhood Is The Best Part Of One’s Life Narrate Your Experience

Many a time, I bear longed for my childhood days. This is especially dependable at times when I would the likes of to escape from the torture of examinations and homework. Furthermore, my childhood was filled with countless memorable moments that I would love to relive. Many, who have happy childhood memories, would also, I am sure, timbre the same.Childhood is a period which is associated with fun and play. The child hardly c ares or knows what the large thinks of him. He frolics with his childhood playmates in the sand, mud or water. Through his render may chide him for his pranks, she may, secretly in her heart, wish that she too could be as carefree and happy as her child.Children normally do not have any major responsibilities to shoulder. Political, economic, social and family problems do not stir them. They may be confused because they stinker not comprehend the problem, unless most of them will not go through heartbreaking moments all over them.However, the above bea utifully painted childhood phase is not true in the case of all children. There are children who are step and exploited and who suffer from dire poverty. In Ethiopia and other poor countries, children are afflicted with many diseases and continually suffer the pangs of hunger. They have to shoulder the responsibilities of adults, flavor for food and taking care of their younger siblings.These cases, however, may be considered as exceptions. Many still feel that the average childs t peerless is much merrier. Adult life is filled with responsibilities. Yet, responsibilities need not be viewed negatively. There are many joys that come with responsibilities. For example, I always ascertain great joy and satisfaction when I do well in my exam after studying hard for it.Therefore, in my view, childhood can be looked back upon as one of the best periods in ones life. With a positive attitude, a person can be happiness in any period of his life.

Mkt 310 Exam 2 Study Guide

MKT 310 Exam 2 Study Guide BOOK Ch. 5 supranationalistic manage speculation An Overview of mass scheme * The Benefits of Trade Some international allot is beneficial, exchange harvest- categorys you mass parent at a imprint cost for well-nigh products you can non produce at all * Free Trade The absence of brass barriers to the free flow of swells and services between countries. * supranational dole out allows a unpolished to specialize in the manufacture and calling of products it can produce well-nigh efficiently while importing products that can be produced more(prenominal) efficiently in other countries. Climate and intrinsic imaginativenesss explain why Ghana exportings cocoa, and Saudi Arabia exports oil * ware Life-Cycle Theory Early in their life cycles, most new products are produced in and exported from the country in which they were develop. As the product becomes accepted internationally, toil begins to scram in other countries. Thus sugges ting that the product may ultimately be exported back to the country of its original innovation. impudently Trade Theory Theory that roughlytimes countries specialize in the proceeds and export of particular products non because of underlying differences in component endowments, but because in certain industries the earth foodstuff can swear except a limited follow of firms. Mercantilism * Mercantilism Originated in England, An stinting philosophy advocating that countries should simultaneously gain ground exports and discourage imports. It was in the countries best interest to maintain a trade surplus, to export more than it import. Also advocated g all overnment intervention to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade. Zero-Sum Game A situation in which an economic gain by maven country results in an economic loss by another. The flaw with Mercantilism is that it is viewed as a Zero-Sum Game. * Critics designate China is pursuing a neo-mercantilist society, del iberately keeping its currency care for low against the U. S. dollar in order to sell more goods to the U. S. , thereof creating a surplus and strange exchange reserves. absolute vantage * Absolute Advantage A country has an absolute advantage in the labor of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it. According to Smith countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they own an absolute advantage and then trade these for goods produced by other countries. (Countries should never produce goods at home that it can buy at a lower cost from other countries. Comparative Advantage * Comparative Advantage It makes sense for a country to specialize in the production of those goods that it produces most efficiently and to buy the goods that it produces less efficiently from other countries, even if this heart and soul buying goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself. Basic depicted object of Comparati ve Trade Potential world production is great with broadcast-ended free trade than it is with restricted free trade. * Immobile Resources Resources do not always shift easily from on activity to another, some skirmish is involved. Belief that a country will produce less of some goods but more of others, however not everyone has the skills and knowledge to produce the greater good, then some people may lose their jobs. * Diminishing Returns When more units of a resource are involve to produce each special unit.First not all resources are of the same quality, and different goods use resources in different proportions. * Constant Returns to Specialization The units of resources required to produce a good are assumed to remain constant no matter where one is on a countrys production possibility frontier. * slashing Effects and Economic Growth Opening an economy to trade, great power extend a countries stock of resources as increased suppliers of labor and capital from ab road become available for use within the country, and free trade talent increase the force with which a country uses its resources. When a rich country(U. S. ) enters in free trade with a poor country(China) the lower termss that U. S. consumers pay for goods imported from China may not be enough to produce a net gain for the U. S. economy if the dynamic effect of free trade is to lower real wage rate in the U. S. * Evidence for the consort between Trade and Growth Countries that adopt a more open stance toward international trade enjoy higher growth rates than those that close their economies to trade. Heckscher-Ohlin Theory Comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowment, and by factor endowment they meant the extent to which a country is endue with such resources as land, labor, and capital.. The Heckscher-Ohlin Theory predicts that countries will export those goods that make intense use of factors that are locally abundant, while importing good s that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. * The Leontief Paradox Since U. S. was relatively abundant in capital compared to other nations, the U. S. would export capital intensive goods and import labour-intensive ones. However he found that the U.S. exports were less capital intensive than the imports. The Product Life-Cycle Theory * Most new products were initially produced in the U. S. and sold in the U. S. grocerys first, the wealth and size of the U. S. can them strong incentives to develop new consumer products. , in addition the high cost of U. S. labor gave U. S. firms an incentive to develop cost-savings play innovations. These expensive goods are only appealing to the wealthy of other nations, thus there isnt that much overall global interest, so no other countries feel it is necessary to start producing the product as well. New Trade Theory The ability of firms to attain economies of scale might convey fundamental implications for international t rade. * Economies of Scale Unit cost reductions associated with a super scale of output * New Trade Theory makes 2 primal points * 1) Through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the kind of goods available to consumers and decrease the average costs of those goods. * 2) In those industries where the output required to attain economies of scale represents a solid proportion of total world demand, the global market may be able to support only a small number of enterprises. First-Movers Advantage are the economic and strategic advantages that diminish to early entrants into an industry. The ability to capture scale economies forrader of later entrants, and thus benefit from a lower cost structure, is an important first movers advantage. * Implications of New Trade Theory generates for governing intervention and strategic trade policy, a nation may jibe from trade even if they do not differ in resource endowments or technology, trade allows a nation to special ize in the production of certain products&8212attaining scales of economy and lowering cost. tribeal Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond * Porter theorizes that 4 broad attributes of a nation specify the environment in which local firms make do, and these attributes promote or impede the cosmos of competitve advantage. These attributes are * Factor Endowments A nations position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry (Advanced factors are the most significant competitive advantage. ) * Demand Conditions the temper of home demand for the indutrys product or service. Relating and Supporting Industries the presence or absence of supplier industries and cogitate industries that are internationally competitive. * Firm strategy, Structure, and Rivalry The conditions governing how companies are created, organized, and managed and the nature of house servant rivalry. * He argues that firms are most likely to suc ceed in nindustries or industry segments where the diamond is most favorable.. The diamond is a inversely reinforcing system meaning the effect of one attribute is contingent on the state of others. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 Ch. 6 The Political Economy of International Trade Instruments of Trade Policy * Tariffs A tariff is a tax levied on imports (or exports. ) In most cases tariffs are placed on imports to protect domestic producers from hostile competition by raising the price of imported goods. Tariffs also produce revenue for the government. The government and the domestic producers gain from having tariffs, whereas the consumers lose. * 2 conclusions can be made about tariffs First, tariffs are pro-producer and anti-consumer.Second, import tariffs reduce the overall efficiency of the world economy. (Tariffs encourage domestic products to be sold at home when they could be more efficiently sold in the global market. ) * trade tariffs raise money for the government, and they reduce exports from a sector, often for political reasons. * 2 Types of Tariffs * Specific Tariffs Levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported (ex. $3 per barrel of oil) * Ad Valorem Tariffs Levied as a proportion of the value of imported goods. Subsidies A subsidy is a government payment to a domestic producer. By lowering production costs, subsidies help domestic producers in 2 ways 1) competing against foreign imports and 2) gaining export markets. * Agriculture is the largest beneficiary of subsidies. * Non-Agriculture subsidy ex. Money given to Boeing and Airbus * The main gains from subsidies accrue to domestic producers, whose international competiveness is increased as a result. * Subsidies protect the wasteful and promote excess production. Import Quotas and impulsive Export Restraints An import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of some good that may be imported into a country * Tarif f Rate Quota The form of applying a lower tariff rate to imports within the quota than those over the quota. * Voluntary Export Restraint A quota on trade imposed by the exporting country, typically at the request of the importing countrys government. Ex. Limitation on auto exports to the U. S. enforced by the Japanese locomote producers. * Quota Rent The extra profit producers make when supply is artificially limited by an import quota. Local Content Requirements A requirement that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically. Ex. Buy the States Act specifies that government agencies essential give preference to American products when lay contracts for equipment out to bid unless the foreign products abide a significant price advantage. * Administrative Policies * Administrative Trade Policies Bureaucratic rules designed to make it punishing for imports to enter a country, as it has been argues that the Japanese are masters of this trade barrier. * Antidumpi ng Policies Dumping Selling goods in a foreign market at below their costs of production or below their free market value. Ex. 2 South Korean manufacturers of semiconductors were accused of selling microchips in the U. S. market at below their cost of production. * Anti-Dumping Policies Policies designed to punish foreign firms that charter in dumping and thus protect domestic producers from unfair foreign competition. * Countervailing Duties Antidumping duties. Political Arguments for intervention * fostering Jobs and Industries Tariffs placed on steel in 2002 by G.W. Bush were supposed to do this. * National Security Protect the area of technological advancement, and the defense industries. * Retaliation Use threat to interact in trade policy as a bargaining neb to help open foreign markets and force trading partners to play by the rules. Ex. U. S. has used threat of punitive trade sanctions to try and get the Chinese government to enforce its intellectual property law s China cost Microsoft hundreds of millions of dollars per grade in lost sales revenues. * Protecting Consumers Ex.Many countries decided to ban imports of American beef after one case of Mad Cow complaint was found. * Furthering Foreign Policies Objectives Governments sometimes use trade policy to further support their foreign policy objectives. * Helms-Burton Act This act allows American to sue foreign firms that use property in Cuba confiscated from them after the 1959 revolution. * DAmato Act Act passed in 1996, similar to the Helms-Burton Act, but this one is aimed at Libya and Iran. * Protecting Human Rights Ex.Debate over many years on whether to grant the Most Favorable Nation to China &8212 this is controversial bc many think China doesnt regard human rights per the Tiananmen Square Massacre. * Protecting the Environment Strong affinity between income levels and environmental pollution/degradation. Ex. Carbon Emissions Tariff, etc. Economic Arguments for Intervent ion * The Infant Industry Argument New industries in developing countries must be temporarily protected from international competition to help them relieve oneself a position where they can compete on world markets with the firms of developed nations. Skepticism because shield of manufacturing from foreign competition does no good unless the protection helps make the industry efficient. Second, the infant industry argument relies on an surmisal that firms are unable to make efficient long term investments by borrowing money from the domestic or international capital market. * strategic Trade Policy A Government policy aimed at change the competitive position of a domestic industry or domestic firm in the world market. It is argued that by appropriate actions, a government can help raise national income if it can somehow go over that the firm(s) that gain first-movers advantage within an industry are domestic instead than foreign enterprises. * The second component of the str ategic trade policy is that it might pay a government to intervene in an industry by helping domestic firms overcome the barriers to entry created by foreign firms that have already reaped the benefits of first-movers advantage. Development of the World Trading System , GATT, WTO (Look in PPT slides for this info. )

Macro and Micro Environmental Analysis of Waitrose Supermarkets

WAITROSE ASSIGNMENT INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING MARKET explore CONTENTS INTRODUCTION &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 MACRO ENVIRONMENT POLITICAL &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- ECONOMICAL &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- neighborly &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- TECHONOLGICAL&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- ENVIRONMENTAL&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- MICRO ENVIRONMENT SUPPLIERS&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- INTERMEDIARIES&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-FINANCIAL&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 GOVERNMENT&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 THE COMPANY&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- EMPLOYEES&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- CUSTOMERS&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 COMPETITORS&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- MEDIA&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- PUBLICS&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- organise ANALYSIS&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212CONCLUSION&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 APPENDIX&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 BIBLYOGRAPHY&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 INTRODUCTION The nutrition retail constancy in the United Kingdom is an extremely competitive solid alimentstuff. The major shammers in the industry whatever give trem dismissous purchasin g former and be constantly fighting to step-up trade sh be. Like nigh(prenominal) otherwise industry though they argon asked entirely positionors which atomic number 18 some(prenominal) within their control as salubrious as outside.In this enunciate we onlyow scratch gear be focusing on the macro environs of the UK supermart industry where we go outside re get wind external matters such(prenominal) as politics, economy, technological, neighborly/demographic and environsal eventors. From this analysis we goat gain insight into how super food grocery store stores fight to commutes that be beyond their control and how they sess practic completelyy turn these changes into fear opportunities. The second part of this report depart be looking at the super grocery chain Waitrose.Through this we analyse the micro environment whereby we look at factors such as suppliers, intermediaries, financial, organisation, the social club, customers, employees, comp etitors, media, and publics. The micro environment is what determines up a c anyer and on the whole aspects must run efficiently and effectively for a crease to succeed. Based on the findings of the Waitrose micro environment we are then suit fit to evaluate the companies strengths and impuissancees as well as their opportunities and threats. MACRO ENVIRONMENT authoritiesal The supermarket industry is affected by numerous varying political factors. spick-and-span legislation and decisions from Governing bodies that regulate the industry aim to ensure that all(prenominal) argumentation within the sector is conducted bring togetherly and with the economy suppliers and consumers outdo enliven in mind. Most legislation on food standards originates from the European accusation which consoli durations legislation across the EU. The argument Commission, a non departmental governing body, are responsible for investigating mergers, markets and inquiries related to regulate d industries d receivestairs competition legal philosophy ( argument Commission No particular date),.Competition Law which was anteceded in 1998 promotes vigorous competition, and bans anticompetitive agreements amongst firms such as agreements to fix prices or to carve up markets, and it makes it unratified for businesses to abuse a dominant market position ( perspective of Fair Trading, 2007). In 2009 the Competition Commission issued an am hold backed and improved market Supply reckon of Practice (GSCOP) with hopes of providing enormouser security to suppliers. To economic aid regulate legislation and the GSCOP an nonparasitic financial ombudsman was established in 2010 to resolves problems among retail merchants and suppliers (Sourceuk 2009).When a supermarket wishes to build or ex be given a site a competition test would be carried out on the retail merchant and an assessment do to ensure that topical anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic surfs dont lose out to the large chain supermarkets command an entire area (Competition Commission 2009). Price fixing is illegal under the competition act of 1998. When participants on the same side of the market (such as the big 4 in the UK supermarket sector) agree to sell a tendinger, proceeds or commodity at a fixed price its the consumers who must feed tour retailers and suppliers reap the benefits.There are extremely heavy penalties for price fixing in the UK You can be fined, alter from being a director or even sent to prison house (Business Link No while). stripped wage laws go out al bureaus affect supermarkets as publicly many of their staff would be paid minimal wage. Under the national Minimum Wage Act of 1998 all employers must pay their employees a sealed amount per hour as lop by the UK political science. The of import rate of National Minimum Wage which applies to hunt d accepters develop 22 and over and is before recollective ? 5. 80 per merely provide extract ? 5. 93 in 2010 (Directgov 2010).There are many laws in the UK and EU which are designed to protect the environment. However in that respect are devil main Acts which were made to consolidate as many issues as possible, these are the environmental Protection Act 1990 and the Environment Act 1995 (Hartshorne. J,1996). DEFRA is the UK government power which is responsible for setting legislation and guidance on a modus operandi of environmental issues (DEFRA, No Date). Some all important(predicate) legislation which applies to supermarkets embroil laws on waste and recycling, ge clear upic modification, and mode interchange which are all cover under these acts. Office of Public Sector instruction No Date) sparing The economic situation at any given quantify result forever affect market conditions. As the economy continually fluctuates amidst periods of economic growth and periods of relative stagnation ( likewise kn knowledge as an economic cycle) factors such as changes to interest rates, exchange rates, inflation and purchasing power go forth directly and indirectly affect the supermarket industry (Tutor2u, No Date) In 2008 the UK had entered the recession stage of the economic cycle. Interest rates dropped from 5% to 0. % in an effort to outgrowth consumer spending (Mintel 2009, securities industry Re-forecasts pabulum UK). And while this would initially appear to be a gain for supermarkets, other factors of the recession such as wide spread unemployment and bankruptcies saw this sector of the market having to alteration their trade strategies in order to weather these changes to the economy (Mintel 2009, market Re-forecasts victuals UK). In 2009 trading was lot with consumers eating less ready meals and opting for own snitch rather than premium produces (Mintel 2009, aliment retail UK Broader Market Environment).This is skilful maven of the many changes to consumer purchasing that changed and will continue to change as the eco nomy tries to recover. According to The Office of National Statistics (2010) unemployment dropped by 33000 since then end of 2009 and the economy grew by 0. 1% a possible indication of the UK slow emerging from the recession (BBC word 2010). However this will be the reference of a reco truly which could take at least a nonher deuce historic period. As interest rates still remain at an all time low of 0. % (BBC News 2009) supermarkets will start to see an add-on in spending from consumers as their confidence in the market move overs (Mintel 2009, Market Re-forecasts nourishment UK). Inflation has only become a repenny issue in the UK economy. Rising fuel prices, a few poor harvests and the weakness of the sterling has seen inflation accelerate betwixt 2006 and 2008 (Mintel 2009, Food retail UK Broader Market Environment) (Appendix 1). The implications of this for supermarkets are that it erodes the purchasing power of m superstary which in turn message the price of importe d good will rise.However a demonstrable result of rising inflation, which at multiplication reached over 10% also, meant that food price gravelions boosted sales value (Mintel 2009, Food Retailing UK The Market In Context). A trend for customers trading down rather than reducing mensuration enables sales value to rise fast enough to cover embody growth (Mintel 2009, Food Retailing UK Sector Size and Forecast). The recession as a unanimous has had a very mixed effect on the supermarket industry. At the beginning of the recession in 2008 consumers drastically cut cover version on purchases from retailers such as Waitrose and Marks and Spencer.However by celestial latitude 2009 Waitrose was the fastest ontogenesis supermarket chain while Aldi was on the dec downslope. This is imagined to be payable to to a greater extent expensive supermarkets introducing own dishonor harvestings into their stores and selling them at a overthrow price to their standard increases (Keyno te 2010, Food labor Industry Overview). genial It is substantive for supermarkets to understand the current socio pagan environment as any changes will affect their customers needfully and wants. (Brassington &038 Pettitt 2006)According to Mintel (2009) the ageing state will flummox a negative effect on the supermarket industry with there already being more(prenominal) retired people than children, with this level set to increase (Appendix 2). This will affect the industry as older people tend to eat and drink a lot less than their younger counterparts merely also treat themselves less as well. This decline in field goal size will view long term effects for the industry over time as they are less efficient to return and require more staff (Mintel 2009, Food Retailing Broader Market Environment)A worrying trend which has emerged in the last several historic period has been the increase in obesity among children and adults in the UK with 60% of the UK population being g ravid (Office of National Statistics, health and Social Care, 2010) Poor fictional character convenience foods, labour-saving technology, increase car use and more people doing sedentary jobs are unless some of the reason the country is getting bigger. However despite this increase in obesity the U. K population on a whole is far more health conscious than in previous historic period (Keynote 2010, Food Industry Industry Overview).There has been a trend away from genetically modified foods towards organic foods and an increased the customer desire for healthy alternatives. The government and other health organisations are change stateing with supermarkets and manufacturers to help consumers make healthier choices when obtain. (Keynote 2010, Food Industry pesterer Analysis). According to the National Office for Statistics (2010) The UK population is increasing at an alarming rate with figures steering the population of the United Kingdom to be at 61383000 in 2008.This is up 0. 7 per cent since mid 2007. Increases in births, decreases in death and a aggressively rise in migration to the United Kingdom book all leadd to the change in population (Office of National Statistics, Population Estimates 2010) Statisticians bind said that at least 70 per cent of the population rise over the contiguous 20 years will be attributable directly to immigration (Office of National Statistics, Migration 2010). The supermarket industry needs to reflect the needs of the changing population.With more people with different cultural backgrounds residing in England it is essential that the needs of these clean consumers are being met by supermarkets in order to retain market share (Keynote, Food Retailing UK 2009) The over powering proposition of the eachthing under unity roof format has been a major factor in the destruction of the wee independent grocer, butcher and green grocer in recent times thus replacing the gamey street as the focal institutionalise of community life (IGD 2009, Non-Food Retailing).Declining meal preparation consequent to demographic changes such as an increasing number of single-person familys and working women is forcing UK retailers are to focus on added-value harvests such as the booming food-to-go sector (Keynote 2010, Food Industry PEST Analysis).. These demographic changes study also affected consumer work patterns with retailers modifying aspects of the customer obtain experience to accommodate changing lifestyles. Supermarkets are now flexible in opening hours as well as adding extras such as thorium late night shop and free parking facilities (Keynote 2010, Food Industry Industry Overview).The recession in the UK has changed the populations attitude towards the foods they purchase. Britons have developed a sophisticated customer preferences and regards for greater choice and treasure in the shopping experience but for lower prices. Supermarket own sword products have been on the incline as their pictures often offer great value for timbre products. (Keynote 2010, Food Industry PEST Analysis). Technological mod-fashioned technological advances have enabled supermarkets to provide customers with a firmer, easier and more enjoyable shopping experience.In recent years we have seen the introduction of online shopping, self cheque outs, product examine and forecast technology which has changed the dynamics of how people shop. one(a) of the most influential technological changes to happen to the supermarket industry in the former(prenominal) few years has been the introduction of net income shopping. The online grocery store market is currently worth ? 4,4 billion having doubled in the past 4 years (Mintel 2009 Online food market Retailing) and is set to reach ? 7. 2 billion buy 2014 label to re nigrifych industry analyst IDG (Appendix 3).This is a major advanced fortune for retailers and the UK offers a good market for this with the upliftedest percentage of people online across the EU (Just Food 2009). New scanning device designed to be apply by shoppers to scan products as they shop and then simply gainful at a self serve checkout using the scanned date are a new introduction to the industry. Scales are then apply at point of payment to weigh shopping against weight info which is provided when the product is scanned. This ensures much shorter queuing times for customers (Waitrose 2010)New communication technology such as the introduction of scanners which provide price labels and barcodes for any stock that needs to be conquerd has enabled more sophisticated store management. The scanners minimise unsold food as well as check out productivity, which saves time and reduces waste. (Retail Systems 2010) Advances in forecasting software such as that developed by SAS and purchased by Waitrose in 2006 will help forecast demand for product based on the history of the item, casual variables, events and holidays. (SAS 2006)The introductio n of self check outs into supermarkets has bought many advantages to both the supermarket sector and its customers. This technology allows customer to scan barcodes on their won items thus eliminating interaction with supermarket employees. piece they are a comparatively new concept, having only become wide spread in 2003 they have been accepted as a faster, more efficient and private way to shop. Through self check out transcriptions supermarkets are also able to reduce staff requirements and save money (Goliath 2005) EnvironmentWith the environment get an important topic over the last several years it has been essential for supermarkets to fulfill the demands of both the Government and their customers with regards to addressing environmental issues. This has proved to be both a challenge as well as a business fortune for the major players in the industry, who strive to try and reposition themselves as leaders in responsible sourcing, baffleability, climate change issues and recycling (Donohue. A 2007). Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing the world today.The UK government has a long term plan to reduce emissions by 80% by 2050 (Department of Energy and Climate budge A Low carbon paper UK 2008). The Climate miscellanea Bill and the Committee on Climate Change influence have raised consumer knowingness of climate change which target pressure on the supermarket industry to meet their environmental obligations (Department of Energy and Climate Change Legislation 2008). Many UK supermarkets are now part of a government initiative known as the Waste and Resources Action political platform (WRAP). WRAP works with the food industry is an effort to reduce food and case waste.Retailers who have signed the Courtauld Commitment (a voluntary agreement amid companies and WRAP) agree to have absolute wastage reduction by 2010 (WRAP No Date). The Food and Drink Federation (FDF) with its green agenda for food and drink manufactures also play a key role in helping companies reduce emissions and waste as well as cutting the amount of packaging that reaches households (FDF No Date). The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) works with the government and consumers in an effort to reduce waste through recycling and composting of household waste (DEFRA No Date).This has created more consumer awareness and this new found awareness puts pressure on food retailers to meet waste reduction targets (Appendix 4). Waitrose currently puts into practice the use of the troika Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) to remove waste away from landfills (Mintel 2008 Ethical and Green Retailing) Sustainable sourcing has become a very existent issue with consumers over the past few years with a demand for supermarkets to ensure that their produce such as tip and meat are from sources that can be replenished.Another form of sustainable sourcing is for supermarkets to source their produce locally rather than importing from ov erseas. This has a enormous impact on carbon use as well as a epochal impact on creating sustainable economies in our local communities (Mintel 2009 Influence of the Environment on Food Shopping). MICRO ENVIRONMENT Suppliers stinkerhand its 18,000 different products, Waitrose is supplied by 2500 firms in over 60 countries. The absolute majority of them are itsy-bitsy scale and regional producers. Waitroses main aim, to offer noble quality product, is the base of its plan to source goods from the areas where it trades.For example, that will show the real taste of British food with its regional renewal. furthermore people will have easy access to buy local food and defend its local economy. Regardless of the fiddling or big producers, Waitrose aim to work with decency and respect in long term with its suppliers. It wants to help its suppliers to reach their objectives by ensuring them that it will life the integrity or quality of the suppliers product. For this reason, Wa itrose wants its producers to use mallable and with the best quality ingredients for the food, not a list of chemicals such as stabilisers or preservatives. Waitrose. com. The Waitrose downhearted Producers Charter) To succeed in that approach, the family presented a new Waitrose Locally Produced identify, which will aim to offer the best local quality food and great customer service to its customers. The difference between Waitrose and the other UK retailers is the co-ownership of company by its staff, not the public shareholders who only demand for quick and profitable return of their investments. It allows it to make long term growth plans and continuing relationships with its producers in order to face its great customers expectations. Waitrose. com. The Waitrose Small Producers Charter) In order to prove their donjon for small local producers, Waitrose teamed up with The Times to create The Small Producers Awards in 2001. For example, its first year category winners will receive ? 7,000 in cash, plus access to Waitrose business and marketing expertise. (Waitrose. com. The Waitrose Small Producers Charter) Moreover, in relation to the UK Recession, followed by the consumer downturn, Waitrose asked 1000 suppliers to cut their prices with 2%.The request was addressed mainly to suppliers of brand food and farmers in UK. The managing director Mark Price explained companys decision with the fall in commodity prices, which makes suppliers raw material cheaper. Furthermore he states that the Waitroses market growth will lead the suppliers to sustain profit, which they should share with their biggest buyer. Moreover tooshie Lewis coalitions decision was compel by the annual report of the company, which unveiled 26% fall in pre-tax profit for 2008 to ? 279. 6m. (Telegraph website, 12/03/09)Intermediaries By rewarded as the UKs favourite retailer for 2007 and 2009, Waitrose main aim is to sustain its loyal and respectful relationship with its suppliers and partners. It is the main intermediary of its own branded goods. Furthermore, Waitrose nurture long-term relationships with its suppliers, paying the fair price and helping them to reinvest in their business. It is the most established local sourcing initiatives in its sector. All Waitrose shops have a regional offering, which covers in excess of 465 producers preparation over 1,400 product lines.In order to ensure its pledge for UK suppliers and in response to customer feedback, Waitrose has developed new shelf-edge ticketing, which emphasise the county, origin and unique(p) qualities of each product. (JLP annual report 2009) Moreover, Waitrose cooperate with other intermediary companies in order to transfer the produced goods from its supplier to the customers. Its main distributor is the online supermarket rescue company Ocado. It operates mainly in Greater London, covering over 3 million households. Their relationships evolved in 2002 when John Lewis federation bought 29% o f Ocados shares.In accessory, their gouge will expire in 2013. Apart from Ocado, Waitrose has established an own online delivery in over 100 stores. (JLP annual report 2009) Financial In difference from the other UK retailers, Waitrose isnt own by public shareholders and the City. In stead of cruel shareholders, whose fixed idea is to gain profitable quick returns, Waitrose is a part of John Lewis Partnership, which is owned by its workers. Each year, any partner share companys profits, which in others retailers go to the shareholders.This organisational system makes extraordinary commitment and homage amongst its labour. Furthermore company could praise itself with partners who worked with it for many years. This system makes its workers to be interested in what they are doing and selling. For that reason the often good remarks of the customers about the customer service are not surprising, because either worker in the local store do in fact own the store. (Waitrose website. T he Waitrose Difference) Moreover, an interest public fact is that Waitrose holds a over-embellished Warrant with Her lavishlyness The Queen.This means that company is chosen to add together the over-embellished Family with goods for fiver years. Moreover, Waitrose held the long-lasting Warrant with Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. That is a significant evidence for the great quality that Waitrose has been offering through the years. (Waitrose website. The Waitrose Difference) Government As an established responsible and reliable retail company, Waitrose aim to realise and follow government constitution. It is in a consistent relationship with any local government, discussing key issues which affect its partners, customers and communities in which it operates.Furthermore it is an active section of government policy advisory groups, such as Climate Change Leaders Group, British Retail Consortium and Retail Energy Forum. (John Lewis Partnership website, Engaging our stakeholde rs) Moreover, Waitrose cooperate with local authorities during planning and construction of all its new shops. It wants to ensure that its new stores are built responsibly and will operate sustainably in order to diminish its impact on the environment and the local community. (John Lewis Partnership website, Engaging our stakeholders)Lastly, Waitrose and its parent John Lewis Partnership work closely with regulators such as Environment Agency and Health &038 natural rubber Executive to inform that the Partnership do all its best in compliance with the law. In any case of legal issue occur, it act immediately, and cooperate with the local regulator to resolve the problem as quick as possible. (John Lewis Partnership No Date, Engaging our stakeholders) The Company Waitrose stems from a small grocery shop called Waite. Rose &038 Taylor founded by Wallace Waite, Arthur Rose and David Taylor the small grocery shop opened for business 1904.Four years on the founders distinct to rebran d the company in 1908 by changing the company name to Waitrose, which is a combination of two of the founders surnames. The Waitrose Company desired changed once again so joined The John Lewis Partnership 1937, whereby 160 Waitrose employees became partners or co-owners of the business (Waitrose No Date The Company). The John Lewis partnership is formed by 70,000 partners (staff) who co-own John Lewis department stores, Waitrose supermarkets, an online and catalogue business (John Lewis Direct-johnlewis. om), a direct service company (Greenbee), trinity production units and a farm. (The John Lewis Partnership No Date) (John Lewis Partnership CSR get over 2009, Page 5) The Waitrose difference Waitrose focuses operation around offering the best quality goods and have adapted their daily producers, to make shopping easier to suit all by offering a distinctive service such as packing at checkouts, carry to car service and assists to those that required it it is this that they believe gives them the edge over other supermarkets (Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference)Waitrose has an exceptional return policy whereby customers will receive their full money back, if they genuinely pursed t a product they didnt require or a customer is not one hundred percent happy with the product. It is this edge that provides Waitrose with long lasting loyal customers that trust the supermarket they shop in. As well as food products Waitrose offers Branch Extras at selected stores enable customers to rent wines glasses, beer glasses and tilt kettles free of charge as a friendly jester(Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference).Waitrose commitment to provide outstanding produces and services has been credited with a magnificent Warrant from Her Majesty the Queen Which is a mark of recognition of those that supply goods or services to members of the Royal Family for at least five years(Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference). Employees Waitrose employees are also co-owners and form part of the John Lewis Partnership the John Lewis Partnership aims to employ exceptional staffs that are dedicated to put the consumers needs first whilst delivering excellent customer service.The John Lewis Partnership aims to keep the happiness of its employees at the heart of the partnership and uses a blend of five key elements to do this Work/life balance employees are boost to keep a allude balance of work and play to support this the partnership offers flexible hours, life breaks, long leave, a flexible insureaway policy . Competitive pay and benefits the partnership aims to maintain a pay policy which is competitive while being fair to all partners and offers a range of partners benefits from discounts and bonus to life insurance. Filling potential the partnership gives all their employees the chance to reach their full potential and required all employees to ender go compulsory training. There partnership also allows employees the opportunity for promoti on and career development programs. Fair treatment the partnership treats all its employees fair and provides equal opportunities for all, regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, social background, religion and disability or sexuality. Powered by our Principles (PboP) these are six principles sets out to inform employees of what is expected from all them be honest, give respect, recognise others, show enterprise, work together and achieve more (Waitrose No Date Our Employees) Customers The John Lewis Partnership aims to deal honestly with customers, securing their loyalty and trust by providing outstanding choice, value and service. (John Lewis Partnership CSR Report 2009, pg 4) Waitrose dominates a niche market were its target customers are believed to be affluent with a more flexible disposable income.They are associated with the midpoint discriminatees along with game class food and fantastic customer service. Their repeat custom is formed, as the consumer seeks a well estab lished supermarket they can trust and complete their each week shop in a supermarket thats driven by eminent quality cherubic food. (Mintel 2009 Food Retails Waitrose) A loyal Waitrose customer will complete their weekly shop unconditionally every week in there local Waitrose store however if they need a product unexpectedly they will use a convenient store as a one off it is it nearer in location.Typical Waitrose customers are considered to be affluent with a more flexible disposable income, middle to high classes, working professionals and health foc utilize consumers (Mintel 2009 Food Retails Waitrose). In addition another important factor that adds to the customer that shops at Waitrose supermarkets is the location of the stores as Waitrose stores are based more South/East England and areas that are frequently referred to as posh, where people are financially comfortable (Mintel 2009 Food Retails Waitrose).Waitrose strive to maintain exceptional customer service and are a lways constantly evaluating their services to unsure they are fulfilling their consumer needs. Waitrose uses a range of prescribed methods of re singech and feedback, such as customer works, panels, focus groups, online feedback forms and regular arcanum shopping to gather sufficient evidence to monitor their customer service and performance necessary action if required (John Lewis Partnership No Date Customer Service) CompetitionWaitrose occupies up to 4% of the UK grocery market, this compares with the largest food retailer in England today is which is Tescos who hold a massive 30 % share of the market. In the UK today every ? 1 in every ? 7 of consumer spending is spent in one of Tescos stores. Tesco specializes in the first place in food and drink with its Value and Finest ranges that we all know well, but it has also become a major player in a range of non-food markets including consumer electrical, clothing, financial services, telecoms, fuel and internet services amongst others.In 2008, Tesco launched a new Discount Brands range, which is geared towards consumers seeking to trade down but not ready to com shout out on quality. The new range appears to have halted the drift of customers to Aldi and Lidl. Tescos sheer scale means it has been able to lower prices on the back of large volumes. Tescos has different types of stores every one of them targeting different consumers, tesco express for example, the smallest one in the range, is designed to be a convenience shop where the costumer can Top-up (Mintel 2009 Food Retail Tesco). separate major players are Asda, Sainsburys and Morrisons with Asda taking up to 17% of the market. Asda has a confusable range of product to Tesco but opened up the clothing market in supermarkets but presenting its own brand known as George at Asda. Asda, part of Wal-Mart, directs its main focus on price, primarily targeting the lower end of the mass-market although the current climate is increasing demand for discount i tems from a variety of consumer groups. In terms of consolidated sales, in 2008 the company was the third largest grocer in the UK although when fuel sales are removed Asda moves into second place behind Tesco but preceding(prenominal) Sainsbury.What has really set Asda apart from its rivals in the food sector in the UK has been its lack of convenience store activity. While Tesco and Sainsburys have attacked the c-store sector very aggressively, Asda has been happy to maintain its larger big-box stores enabling them to maintain a presence out of town. (Mintel 2009 Food Retail) Waitrose occupies a relatively small but nevertheless very strong portion of the market with its closest supermarket being Marks and Spencer. Both of these supermarkets aim at a quality rather than quantity market with prices generally being high than the larger supermarketsMarks and Spencer holds approximately 3. 9% of the grocery market. The main differences between of the two chains is that Waitrose hol ds 18% of organic food ranges and sells none Waitrose brand products whilst Marks and Spencer sells just its own made brand. Marks &038 Spencer is the UKs track non-food retailer, but food has long been a part of its heritage. The company trades from a premium positioning, emphasising quality and value. Dry groceries are only a small part of the offer, with the company instead focusing on ready vigilant meals, fresh items and foods for special occasions.The food range is available from specialist hardly Food convenience stores as well as the larger general merchandise outlets. (Mintel 2009 Food Retail Marks &038 Spencer). In the food retail industry we find that there are two different orientated companies, price orientated and customer orientated. Waitrose aims at the customer orientated market and this has generally held them in good stead. The recent recession was a interrogation time for the company but their strong brand name appears to have weathered the storm and it ha s successfully retained its position.Media Waitrose takes its promotion and publicise poorly and has a very organised and wide range of media publicity. On they own website they have options to find press releases and press packs and it is optional to sign up to receive daily updates regarding Waitrose. They have affirmed their commitment by appointing heroical Union as the lead digital agency for Waitrose. The agency will relaunch the brands website Waitrose. com, as well as produce digital marketing for Waitrose Deliver, the brands online grocery shopping service.Waitrose uses television and advertising extensively to promote its products and services and has proclaimed recently that celebrity chefs Delia Smith and Heston Blumenthal will join forces in a collaboration that will see them appear in TV, press and online advertising for the grocer (Waitrose 2009) The company website now provides an option to find all the recipes that have been used on the show. In addition John Le wis, the stores sister brand, has launched a slick magazine customer magazine, which will be made available in all Waitrose stores, with an initial print run of 500,000.The launch is backed by an in-store marketing campaign (Mintel 2009 Food Retail).. Publics The company takes its public and social responsibilities very sternly and its basic philosophy is as follows- As a responsible retailer, owned beneficially by our employees, we believe that the long-term future of the Partnership is best served by respecting the interests of all our stakeholders Partners, customers, suppliers and the wider community. We look actively for opportunities to improve the environment and to contribute to the wellbeing of the communities in which we trade. (Waitrose Feb 2010 Press Centre) In 2008, Waitrose was the first UK food retailer to begin using Anaerobic Digestion (AD), a process which eliminates the need to shoot waste food to landfill sites. (Waitrose Feb 2010 Press Centre). Waitrose co mmits at least 1 per cent of pre-tax profits to charitable and community projects. They are also affiliated to providing support to overseas disasters through the British Red Cross and are tough in over 100 projects involving 16,000 people in South Africa rolled out to Ghana and Kenya.Their target is to increase activities in the field referred to above and to actively encourage participation in Sport and physical engagement in the UK. They have already diverted 50 per cent of their good operational waste food away from landfill and their goal is to divert 95 per cent by 2013. Waitrose is set to launch an environmental initiative inviting customers to call down eco ideas that it can implement into the business. Your Green Idea was launched on 15 run into 2010, following a soft launch of the website.It is clear that Waitrose is very committed to its social and public responsibilities and have a proven track point to support their mandate SWOT ANALYSIS Internal Strengths Waitr ose was one of the first retailers to develop own brands (after Marks and Spencer). Their own brand line carries over 18000 products including 117 lines in their Perfectly Balanced range which promotes a fresh and healthy lifestyle for their customers (Mintel 2009, Food Retail UK Waitrose). Waitrose differentiates itself strongly from other supermarkets. They have a more defined range of products with focus on high quality food and up-market products.They are extremely customer orientated and place great emphasis on customer service as one of their unique selling points (Mintel 2009, Food Retail UK Waitrose). According to a survey by Which Waitrose is the leading supermarket chain in food quality and range. exclusively ASDA was rated better than Waitrose for value for money (Which 2008) Having owned their own farms for over 70 years Waitrose prides itself on working with its farmers, growers and suppliers directly to ensure that only the highest quality food from the most ethical and environmentally friendly sources reach they consumers.This is support by its own inspections and farm assurance schemes (Waitrose No Date assembly line of our Food). Waitrose was the first ever winner of the title Organic Supermarket of the Year and have over 16 awards for wine purchasing and retail. These are just some of the many awards that have been claimed by Waitrose over the past several years (Waitrose Various Dates Press and Awards). Waitrose also holds a Royal Warrant with Her Majesty the Queen to supply goods to members of the Royal Family (Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference).Waitrose was the first to introduce self-scanning ( expeditious flake) in some stores, which demonstrates a willingness to innovate and offer a high service and reducing costs. Recent technological innovations that have been introduced in stores include printers which provide price labels and barcodes for any stock that needs to be decreased and hand held devices available to shopper s to use as a self scanning system. (Thompson. S 2010). The partnership with John Lewis gives Waitrose tested supplier links and economies of scale. Waitrose would peel to achieve the success it has today without the help of the partnership.The partnership also functions as a conglomerate therefore diversifying risk. The association with John Lewis improves Waitroses written report (John Lewis Partnership No Date). Waitrose has a strong culture of co-ownership due to the fact that its not owned by shareholders but owned by everyone who works for the partnership. Their staff are generally well motivated because they are partners and profits ultimately come back to them. Various other benefits (such as pension schemes) are what make Waitrose a good employer, with satisfied employees. Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference) Internal Weaknesses The distribution of the Waitrose stores is quite weak, especially in certain areas such as the south west of England, Wales, North-West of England, and Scotland. However their eruditeness of 13 Somerfield stores has lead to an amplification of distribution into the North of England and Wales (Chesters. L dimension hebdomad 2009) Own labels are the main segment within their product mix. Waitrose is very dependent on this product range with a majority of sales coming from its own brand.Larger diversification would be helpful to gain better strength in the market (Mintel 2009 Brands Are Supermarkets mash Out Brands) Waitrose also has the weakness of only supplying high quality, high price products. This could be seen as a negative factor due to the exclusion of an entire demographic of people in the lower class of the population who could be potential customers. However they have recently made attempts to increase their target demographic through the introduction of an economy range branded as Waitrose Essentials.This shows they have recognised a potential for expansion and this can lead to further developments in t he future (Finch, J butt on 2009) External Opportunities Further expansions throughout the UK would be useful to raise the splendour of the firm, gain market share and, weaken the competitors buying their own branches and up e-commerce. Also further acquisition of competitor stores such as the Somerfield stores purchased by Waitrose would lead to increased market share (Chesters. L Property Week 2009). Waitrose has an elaborate online shopping facility in place however, this as well is subject to regional limitation.Expansion of distribution channels for online shopping facilities would help Waitrose get their products to customers who live outside areas where branches are located. Setting up new partnerships with other companies will grant higher(prenominal) incomes because both companies could be able to buy larger amount of products with cheaper prices. New Partnership could also help Waitrose to diversify into other non-food products other than those that John Lewis already of fers. Waitrose has recognised this opportunity (All Business, No Date) External ThreatsA major part of Waitrose strategy on sales has been built on the sale of premium own brand products. Marks &038 Spencer, Tesco and Sainsburys have identified the sales of premium own brands as a lucrative segment with high margins and all three have a wide selection of premium products in store. Tesco and Sainsburys advertise on price which gives the perception of their products still being of a lower quality than those sold at Waitrose (Mintel 2008 Premium Foods UK) The recession while perceived to be coming to an end still has the potential to cave in many problems for Waitrose.When interest rate rise this year people will have less disposable income and may start to buy cheaper products and so shifting from Waitrose to other cheaper retailers. This could result in a loss in consumers loyalty and this would give direct advantages to competitors (Mintel 2009 Food Retail) Also due to the deba sed sterling there is a possibility that overseas groups could enter the market and increase competition generating the reduction of incomes and market share for each player (Keynote 2010 Food Industry) CONCLUSIONThe supermarket industry has gone through some important changes over the past few years. From our analysis of the macro environment we can see some main issues have affected the food retails sector. environmental issues are now at the forefront of everything companies do, with consumers not only demanding more for their money but more for the environment as well. Technology has seen the internet open up a whole new way of shopping and while its still the early stages there is great promise for the internet as a medium for food purchases. Society is changing in a way that will affect how people shop in years to come.Now with more people from different cultural backgrounds residing in the UK than ever before supermarkets must act fast to meet the new needs of a changing soc iety. New legislation has stop many key players in their tracks with plans for expansion as a new financial ombudsman now has the last word on whether a supermarket can expand in a certain location. The recession has had a major impact of the supermarket sector over the past couple of years. It has been the driving influences to a lot of changes which have been occurring in most of the major food retailers. While the supermarket industry is relatively ecession proof their customers are not and this has seen consumer trends of trading down and buying less. An analysis of the internal structure of Waitrose shows us a very strong company with high moral grounding and a lovemaking for customer service. They may not have such large market share as the big four but they are growing at a rapid pace and with the addition of their new Essentials range to their portfolio they are preparing to enter a whole new main rain cats and dogs market. They pride themselves on having great relationshi ps with employees and suppliers and are at the forefront of environmental issue such as sustainable ethical sourcing.Waitrose is a company that is heading in the right direction and while they are not without their weaknesss, distribution being a key factor, they are brilliance at recognising where improvements can be made and building towards a higher market share. APPENDIX Appendix 1 http//0-academic. mintel. com. emu. londonmet. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&038/ scupper/id=395621/ flourish/id=496165? select_section=496166 Appenix 2 http//0-academic. mintel. com. emu. londonmet. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&038/display/id=395621/display/id=496166? select_section=496167Appendix 3 http//0-academic. mintel. com. emu. londonmet. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&038&038type=RCItem&038sort=relevant&038access=accessible&038archive=hide&038source=non_snapshot&038list=search_results/display/id=418439/display/id=480340? selec t_section=480342 Appendix 4 http//0-academic. mintel. com. emu. londonmet. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/sear ch_results/show&038/display/id=394656/display/id=442497? select_section=442498 BIBLYOGRAPHY MACRO ENVIRONMENT Social Brassington. F and Pettitt. 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